Energy Management of High Rise Building as Micro Grid

Increase of power demand and greenhouse gas emission from nonrenewable energy resources change the direction to use of renewable energy resources as micro grids. The solar and wind energy is free, infinite, and environment friendly. Due to the uncertain nature of renewable energy resources i.e. solar energy and wind energy, a system cannot depend entirely on single renewable energy resource. Therefore, a hybrid power system, with two or more renewable resources of energies is a better choice for isolated loads. In this thesis, feasibility of hybrid power system consisted of solar panel and wind turbine energy storages and biogas generator is studied for a virtual high-rise building. Two cases were studied in this thesis work i.e. case Tampere, Finland and case Colorado, United States of America. Solar irradiance and wind speed measurements are collected for year 2016 from these two places and then energy generation is calculated and compared with electrical load required by a virtual high-rise building. Each case is divided into three subcases and one year is divided into three quarters (i.e. January to April, May to August and September to December). Hybrid power systems based on renewable energy sources can be effective option to provide continuous energy supply to electrical loads in a high-rise building. In addition, an application is developed to calculate the payback time of the hybrid power system. Hybrid power system is based on renewable energy resources and so its CO2 generation is also less than nonrenewable energy resources. As the duration of daytime and wind speed is different around the globe, there is difference in the behavior of hybrid power system in both case studies. The hybrid power system provides a very feasible solution for energy demands of high-rise building. Solar and wind energy has become the least expensive renewable energy technologies and requires one-time investment and need less maintenance cost in existence and has attract the interest of scientists and educators the world over. Based on the results of case study, hybrid system is more feasible when compared to the installation of single renewable energy resource in case Colorado and in case Tampere, hybrid system is more effective in second quarter of the year (i.e. May to August)

A CPW fed quad-port MIMO DRA for sub-6 GHz 5G applications

The present work investigates a novel four-port, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), single element dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for sub-6 GHz band. The DRA is designed and fabricated into a symmetric cross shape and fed using a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. A single radiator with four ports is rarely found in the literature. The -10 dB impedance bandwidth covered by the antenna is from 5.52 GHz to 6.2 GHz (11.6%) which covers fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) bands N47 and wireless local area network (WLAN) IEEE 802.11a band. The isolation between orthogonal ports is about 15 dB while the isolation between opposite ports is 12 dB. The radiation pattern of the proposed antenna is bidirectional due to the absence of a ground plane below the DRA. The orthogonal modes excited in the DRA are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] through the four symmetrical CPW feeds. The simulated and measured results of the proposed design show that MIMO characteristics are achieved by pattern diversity between the ports. Due to the perfect symmetry of the design, the proposed work could be extended to MIMO array applications as well

A Novel Silicon-based Wideband RF Nano Switch Matrix Cell and the Fabrication of RF Nano Switch Structures

This paper presents the concept of RF nano switch matrix cell and the fabrication of RF nano switch. The nano switch matrix cell can be implemented into complex switch matrix for signal routing. RF nano switch is the decision unit for the matrix cell; in this research, it is fabricated on a tri-layer high-resistivity-silicon substrate using surface micromachining approach. Electron beam lithography is introduced to define the pattern and IC compatible deposition process is used to construct the metal layers. Silicon-based nano switch fabricated by IC compatible process can lead to a high potential of system integration to perform a cost effective system-on-a-chip solution. In this paper, simulation results of the designed matrix cell are presented; followed by the details of the nano structure fabrication and fabrication challenges optimizations; finally, measurements of the fabricated nano structure along with analytical discussions are also discussed

An ultrawideband monopole fractal antenna with coplanar waveguide feed

A novel ultrawideband fractal antenna in monopole configuration is proposed. Wideband behavior and miniaturization is achieved using concentric heptagonal array structure. Coplanar waveguide is used to feed fractal antenna. Base shape for fractal antenna is heptagonal geometry. Final fractal shape is achieved by performing four base shape iterations. FR4 substrate is used for antenna fabrication. Simulated and measured results comparison shows a bandwidth of 7 GHz with 9 GHz center frequency. Radiation pattern of monopole fractal antenna is omni directional. Fundamental purpose of designing and fabricating UWB fractal antenna is its application in body area networks for remote patient health monitoring. Its application also includes C and X band frequencies